川西山地主要人工林种群根系生物量与生产力

采用标准地法,对四川西部山地主要人工林的根系进行了研究,结果表明(1)用D2H估测单株林木根系生物量的适合模型均以幂函数模型为最佳,所筛选统计模型的相关系数较高,在0.94～0.99之间;(2)根系总生物量大小排序为日本落叶松＞峨眉冷杉＞四川红杉＞川西云杉,分别为37.832、24.907、18.320t/hm2和15.982 t/hm2,各级根的生物量占总根量的比例各不相同;(3)根系生物量集中在分布土层0.00～40.00cm,川西云杉占97.88%,四川红杉占96.78%,峨眉冷杉占95.65%,日本落叶松占99.72%;尤其在0.00～20.00cm土层分布的根最多,分别占77.13%,77.13%,65.02%和80.66%;在0.00～20.00cm,20.00～40.00cm和40.00～60.00cm的各层根系生物量分配比例,川西云杉为34121,四川红杉为2461,峨眉冷杉为1571,日本落叶松为63141;(4)川西云杉、四川红杉、峨眉冷杉和日本落叶松人工林种群根系的生物量密度分别为10.782t/(hm2·m),8.230t/(hm2·m),14.546 t/(hm2·m)和13.211 t/(hm2·m);(5)川西云杉、四川红杉、峨眉冷杉和日本落叶松人工林种群根系生产力分别为0.57、0.83、0.71 t/(hm2·a)和1.64 t/(hm2·a).     

Seasonal dynamics of fine root biomass,root length density,specific root length,and soil resource availability in a Larix gmelinii plantation

Fine root tumover is a major pathway for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is most likely sensitive to many global change factors.Despite the importance of fine root turnover in plant C allocation and nutrient cycling dynamics and the tremendous research efforts in the past,our understanding of it remains limited.This is because the dynamics processes associated with soil resources availability are still poorly understood.Soil moisture,temperature,and available nitrogen are the most important soil characteristics that impact fine root growth and mortality at both the individual root branch and at the ecosystem level.In temperate forest ecosystems,seasonal changes of soil resource availability will alter the pattern of carbon allocation to belowground.Therefore,fine root biomass,root length density(RLD)and specific root length(SRL)vary during the growing season.Studying seasonal changes of fine root biomass,RLD,and SRL associated with soil resource availability will help us understand the mechanistic controls of carbon to fine root longevity and turnover.The objective of this study was to understand whether seasonal variations of fine root biomass,RLD and SRL were associated with soil resource availability,such as moisture,temperature,and nitrogen,and to understand how these soil components impact fine root dynamics in Larix gmelinii plantation.We used a soil coring method to obtain fine root samples(≤2 mm in diameter)every month from Mav to October in 2002 from a 17-year-old L.gmelinii plantation in Maoershan Experiment Station,Northeast Forestry University,China.Seventy-two soil cores(inside diameter 60 mm;depth intervals:0-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-30 cm)were sampled randomly from three replicates 25 m×30 m plots to estimate fine root biomass(live and dead),and calculate RLD and SRL.Soil moisture,temperature,and nitrogen(ammonia and nitrates)at three depth intervals were also analyzed in these plots.Results showed that the average standing fine root biomass(live (32.2 g.m-2.a-1)in the middle(10-20 cm)and deep layer (20-30cm),respectively.Live and dead fine root biomass was the highest from May to July and in September,but lower in August and October.The live fine root biomass decreased and dead biomass increased during the growing soil layer.RLD and SRL in May were the highestthe other months,and RLD was the lowest in Septemberdynamics of fine root biomass,RLD,and SRL showed a close relationship with changes in soil moisture,temperature,and nitrogen availability.To a lesser extent,the temperature could be determined by regression analysis.Fine roots in the upper soil layer have a function of absorbing moisture and nutrients,while the main function of deeper soil may be moisture uptake rather than nutrient acquisition.Therefore,carbon allocation to roots in the upper soil layer and deeper soil layer was different.Multiple regression analysis showed that variation in soil resource availability could explain 71-73% of the seasonal variation of RLD and SRL and 58% of the variation in fine root biomass.These results suggested a greater metabolic activity of fine roots living in soil with higher resource availability,which resulted in an increased allocation of carbohydrate to these roots,but a lower allocation of carbohydrate to those in soil with lower resource availability.     

Seasonal dynamics of fine root biomass, root length density, specific root length, and soil resource availability in a Larix gmelinii plantation

Fine root turnover is a major pathway for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is most likely sensitive to many global change factors. Despite the importance of fine root turnover in plant C allocation and nutrient cycling dynamics and the tremendous research efforts in the past, our understanding of it remains limited. This is because the dynamics processes associated with soil resources availability are still poorly understood. Soil moisture, temperature, and available nitrogen are the most important soil characteristics that impact fine root growth and mortality at both the individual root branch and at the ecosystem level. In temperate forest ecosystems, seasonal changes of soil resource availability will alter the pattern of carbon allocation to belowground. Therefore, fine root biomass, root length density (RLD) and specific root length (SRL) vary during the growing season. Studying seasonal changes of fine root biomass, RLD, and SRL associated with soil resource availability will help us understand the mechanistic controls of carbon to fine root longevity and turnover. The objective of this study was to understand whether seasonal variations of fine root biomass, RLD and SRL were associated with soil resource availability, such as moisture, temperature, and nitrogen, and to understand how these soil components impact fine root dynamics in Larix gmelinii plantation. We used a soil coring method to obtain fine root samples (⩽2 mm in diameter) every month from May to October in 2002 from a 17-year-old L. gmelinii plantation in Maoershan Experiment Station, Northeast Forestry University, China. Seventy-two soil cores (inside diameter 60 mm; depth intervals: 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–30 cm) were sampled randomly from three replicates 25 m × 30 m plots to estimate fine root biomass (live and dead), and calculate RLD and SRL. Soil moisture, temperature, and nitrogen (ammonia and nitrates) at three depth intervals were also analyzed in these plots. Results showed that the average standing fine root biomass (live and dead) was 189.1 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹, 50% (95.4 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹) in the surface soil layer (0–10 cm), 33% (61.5 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹), 17% (32.2 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹) in the middle (10–20 cm) and deep layer (20–30cm), respectively. Live and dead fine root biomass was the highest from May to July and in September, but lower in August and October. The live fine root biomass decreased and dead biomass increased during the growing season. Mean RLD (7,411.56 m·m⁻³·a⁻¹) and SRL (10.83 m·g⁻¹·a⁻¹) in the surface layer were higher than RLD (1 474.68 m·m⁻³·a⁻¹) and SRL (8.56 m·g⁻¹·a⁻¹) in the deep soil layer. RLD and SRL in May were the highest (10 621.45 m·m⁻³ and 14.83m·g⁻¹) compared with those in the other months, and RLD was the lowest in September (2 198.20 m·m⁻³) and SRL in October (3.77 m·g⁻¹). Seasonal dynamics of fine root biomass, RLD, and SRL showed a close relationship with changes in soil moisture, temperature, and nitrogen availability. To a lesser extent, the temperature could be determined by regression analysis. Fine roots in the upper soil layer have a function of absorbing moisture and nutrients, while the main function of deeper soil may be moisture uptake rather than nutrient acquisition. Therefore, carbon allocation to roots in the upper soil layer and deeper soil layer was different. Multiple regression analysis showed that variation in soil resource availability could explain 71–73% of the seasonal variation of RLD and SRL and 58% of the variation in fine root biomass. These results suggested a greater metabolic activity of fine roots living in soil with higher resource availability, which resulted in an increased allocation of carbohydrate to these roots, but a lower allocation of carbohydrate to those in soil with lower resource availability. __________ Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(3): 403–410 [译自: 植物生态学报, 2005, 29(3): 403–410]     

长白落叶松半同胞家系生长和木材性状遗传变异与联合选择

长白落叶松（Larix olgensis）是我国东北重要的用材树种,根据生长和木材性状对其进行综合选择至关重要。本研究以吉林省延边自治区汪清林业局32年生的49个长白落叶松半同胞家系为材料,对其9个生长性状（树高、地径、胸径、3 m径、材积、尖削度、冠幅、分枝角和通直度）和4个木材性状（木材基本密度、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比）进行测定与分析。结果表明：不同变异来源间所有性状差异均达极显著水平（P<0.01）;各性状家系遗传力均较高（0.51~0.96）;表型变异系数为3.04%（分枝角）~23.15%（冠幅）;各性状相关系数为-0.367（管胞宽度与管胞长宽比）~0.994（胸径与材积）;主成分分析结果表明,4个主成分的累计贡献率达到78.46%,包含了家系生长性状和木材性状的大部分信息;分别以生长和木材性状对家系进行综合评价,初步筛选出5个生长性状优良家系（S78、S81、S80、S84和S83）和5个木材性状优良家系（S37、S51、S6、S30和S19）,结合生长和木材性状初步筛选出5个优良家系（S89、S74、S76、S82和S83）。本研究初选的材料可以为良种选育提供基础,亲本可以为改良种子园营建提供材料。     

农杆菌介导的日本落叶松胚性细胞遗传转化研究

基于体细胞胚胎发生技术平台,利用携带pSuper1300+质粒,以潮霉素为筛选标记基因的农杆菌GV3101介导日本落叶松遗传转化,对植物受体材料生理状态、农杆菌浓度和浸染时间以及共培养时间等影响因素进行了研究、分析和讨论.结果表明:综合优化各影响因素,生长旺盛的日本落叶松胚性细胞,经浓度为0.4(OD600)的农杆菌浸染10min,共培养2d,再用含400mg/L的头孢霉素的液体培养基清洗脱菌,然后在含400mg/L的头孢霉素固体培养基上恢复培养,并置于含5mg/L潮霉素的固体培养基上多次筛选,最终共获得54个抗性细胞系,转化率平均为0.94个/g.PCR检测鉴定,所有抗性细胞系均为阳性转化体,并排除了农杆菌污染导致的假阳性.研究建立并优化了农杆菌介导的日本落叶松遗传转化技术,为进行遗传改良和基因功能鉴定提供有利平台.     

外源NO对增补UV-B辐射下兴安落叶松幼苗叶片光合色素和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

在增强UV-B辐射下,以3年生兴安落叶松幼苗为实验材料,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(Sodium nitroprusside,SNP)对幼苗的光合色素（Chla、Chlb和Car）和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。方差分析结果表明0.5 mmol·L^-1的SNP对增补UV B胁迫下的兴安落叶松幼苗产生显著影响。0.5 mmol·L^-1的SNP能够显著抑制增补UV-B辐射后光合色素、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、F_v′/F_m′和qP的明显下降以及Chla /Chlb、F_o和NPQ的升高。表明了外源NO能够减轻UV-B辐射胁迫下兴安落叶松幼苗光合反应中心的生理损伤,从而增强兴安落叶松幼苗对增补UV-B辐射胁迫环境的适应能力。     

兴安落叶松天然林碳储量及其碳库分配特征

兴安落叶松天然林作为大兴安岭林区的主要植被类型,在森林生态系统碳循环中具有重要的作用。在大兴安岭林区选择不同林龄的兴安落叶松天然林,调查其乔木、灌草、枯落物和土壤,并结合已建立的单木异速生长方程分别计算其碳储量,以期为明确该地区碳库动态及其碳库分配特征提供参考。结果表明,兴安落叶松天然林总碳储量随林龄的增加逐渐增大,由幼龄林到过熟林分别为140.46、186.63、208.64、308.62和341.03 Mg C/hm2,整体表现为碳汇,这主要与乔木碳储量随林龄的增加逐渐增大有关;乔木碳库的变化范围为45.44—212.67 Mg C/hm2,且其占总碳储量的比例也随林龄的增加逐渐增大,由幼龄林的32.60%到过熟林的62.36%;灌草碳储量占总碳储量的比例较小,仅为0.48%—0.93%;枯落物碳库在过熟林中较多,为26.11Mg C/hm2,这与过熟林较少的人为干扰有关;土壤碳储量以幼龄林最小,成熟林最高,分别为78.06和131.93 Mg C/hm2,但这与我国其他地区天然林相比均较低,这与该地区较浅的土壤发生层有关;土壤碳储量随林龄的变化并不明显,但其占总碳储量的比例却随林龄的增加逐渐减小,由幼龄林的56.01%减小到过熟林的29.35%。     

大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松林穿透雨延滞效应

以黑龙江漠河生态站兴安落叶松天然林为研究对象,对林外雨、穿透雨和树干茎流进行定位观测,分析大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松林穿透雨延滞效应.结果表明： 穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别占同期降雨总量的76.5%、2.6%和20.9%.降雨发生后,穿透雨与林外雨在产生和终止时间上均存在一定延滞性;随降雨量级增大,穿透雨滞后时间表现出逐渐缩短的趋势,变动范围为（67.8±7.8）～（17.2±3.9） min（穿透雨）和（112.0±38.8）～（48.3±10.6） min（树干茎流）;相同降雨量级下,穿透雨滞后时间随降雨强度增大而逐渐降低,且降雨强度>2 mm·h^-1时延滞时间显著缩短,同时随雨前干燥期的增加而增长,而当雨前干燥期≥48 h时,降雨量则是影响滞后时间的主要因素;降雨终止时,降雨量>5.0 mm,穿透雨终止时间也存在延滞性,且随降雨强度增加而增大,但与雨前干燥期关系不明显;树干茎流终止时间先于林外雨终止时间,且主要与降雨量级有关,降雨量级越小,终止时间越早.     

华北落叶松树体储水利用及其对土壤水分和潜在蒸散的响应: 基于模型模拟的分析

 树体储水在树木水分传输中具有重要的作用, 不仅为蒸腾提供水分来源, 还具有缓冲作用, 可防止木质部导管水势过低以至于水分传输的失败。树体储水动态及其利用的研究对于认识树木对水分胁迫的响应机制具有重要意义。该研究构建了包含树体储水释放-补充作用的树干水分传输模型, 可模拟计算林分小时尺度的冠层蒸腾、边材液流、树体储水与木质部导管水流交换过程, 并以六盘山北侧的华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林为例, 在林分水平分析树体储水利用及其 与土壤水分和潜在蒸散之间的关系。检验结果表明, 该模型能够精确地模拟出林分边材液流的日变化特征, 模拟与观测的小时液流速率决定系数R²为0.91 (n = 2 352)。模拟结果表明, 在典型晴朗天气下, 在日出时树体储水利用启动, 至9:00左右达到峰值(0.14 mm?h^–1), 午间降至0, 下午降为负值直至午夜, 即进入树体补水阶段; 树体储水日使用量(DJ_z)为0.04–0.58 mm?d^–1, 与日蒸腾量(DT_r)成正相关(R² = 0.91), 对蒸腾的贡献为25.6%。分析结果表明, 当潜在蒸散(ET_p)低于4.9 mm?d^–1时, ET_p是华北落叶松树体储水利用的主要驱动因子, DJ_z与ETp成正相关(R² = 0.68); 当ET_p高于4.9 mm?d^–1时, DJ_z随着ET_p的增加呈现降低趋势; DJ_z与土壤水势没有显著相关关系(p > 0.05), 但最大树体储水日使用量(DJ_zmax)与土壤水分含量成正相关(R² = 0.79), 说明土壤水分是树体储水利用的限制因子。